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化學元素Chamical Elements
化學元素
The alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table (formerly known as group IA), are very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature. These metals have only one electron in their outer shell. Therefore, they are ready to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements. As with all metals, the alkali metals are malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. The alkali metals are softer than most other metals. Cesium and francium are the most reactive elements in this group. Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to water.
堿金屬被發現在元素周期表的ⅠA族，是非常活潑的金屬而不在直接自然界中出現。這些金屬的原子最外電子層只有1個電子。因此非常容易失去電子而與其他元素構成的離子化合物。像所有金屬壹樣，他們具有很好的延展性並且是電和熱的良導體。他們比大多數金屬柔軟。Cs和Fr是他們中最活潑的。堿金屬接觸水會爆炸。
The Alkali Metals are:
Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Francium
堿金屬包括：Li，Na，K，Rb，Cs，Fr
The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found free in nature.
堿土金屬是ⅡA族中的金屬元素。所有的堿土金屬元素的化合價都是+2，這使他們非常活潑，因為他們非常活潑，也不在自然界中直接出現。
The Alkaline Earth Metals are:
Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Radium
堿土金屬金屬包括Be，Mg，Ca，Sr，Ba，Ra
The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called "transition metals". As with all metals, the transition elements are both ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. The interesting thing about transition metals is that their valence electrons, or the electrons they use to combine with other elements, are present in more than one shell. This is the reason why they often exhibit several common oxidation states. There are three noteworthy elements in the transition metals family. These elements are iron, cobalt, and nickel, and they are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.
元素周期表中ⅢB族到ⅡB族的38個元素叫做過渡金屬。像所有金屬壹樣，這些金屬既有好的延展性也易鍛造，並且是電和熱的良導體。有趣之處是他們參加反應的電子層超過1層，這也是他們化合價不確定的原因（這句話不懂）。引人註目的是Fe，Co和Ni，他們是已知僅有的能產生磁場的物質的組成元素。
The Transition Metals are:
Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium
過渡金屬包括：Sc,Y,Ti,Zr,Hf,Rf,V,Nb,Ta,Db,Cr,Mo,W,Sg,Mn,Tc,Re,Bh,Fe,Ru,Os,Hs,Co,Rh,Ir,Mt,Ni,Pd,Pt,Uun,Cu,Ag,Au,Uuu,Zn,Cd,Hg,Unb
The 7 elements classified as "other metals" are located in groups 13, 14, and 15. While these elements are ductile and malleable, they are not the same as the transition elements. These elements, unlike the transition elements, do not exhibit variable oxidation states, and their valence electrons are only present in their outer shell. All of these elements are solid, have a relatively high density, and are opaque. They have oxidation numbers of +3, ±4, and -3.
這七個被分為“其他金屬”的元素位於ⅢA——ⅤA族。他們同樣具有很好的延展性和段造性，但是和過渡金屬不同。這些元素，不像過渡金屬那樣顯示出可變的化合價，他們只有最外層電子參加反應。所有這七個元素都是固體，而且密度很大，並且不透明。他們的化合價壹般是±3，±4。
The "Other Metals" are:
Aluminum Gallium Indium Tin Thallium Lead Bismuth
其他金屬包括Al，Ga，In，Tl，Pb，Sn，Bi
Metalloids are the elements found along the stair-step line that distinguishes metals from non-metals. This line is drawn from between Boron and Aluminum to the border between Polonium and Astatine. The only exception to this is Aluminum, which is classified under "Other Metals". Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators
半金屬是金屬和非金屬之間的過渡區。這條線從B，Al壹直畫到Po和At。之中唯壹的特例是Al，它屬於其他金屬。半金屬兼有金屬和非金屬的特性。例如Si和Ge，他們是半導體，也就是說他們在特殊情況下他們可以導電。這種特性使半金屬在計算器和電腦領域很有用。
The Metalloids are:
Boron Silicon Germanium Arsenic Antimony Tellurium Polonium
半金屬包括B，SI，Ge，As，Sb，Te，Po
Non-metals are the elements in groups 14-16 of the periodic table. Non-metals are not able to conduct electricity or heat very well. As opposed to metals, non-metallic elements are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into sheets. The non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at room temperature: gases (such as oxygen) and solids (such as carbon). The non-metals have no metallic luster, and do not reflect light. They have oxidation numbers of ±4, -3, and -2.
非金屬是是元素周期表中ⅣA-ⅥA族的元素。非金屬不能很好的導電或導熱，與金屬元素相反，他們不能被鍛造成絲或箔，反而非常易碎。非金屬元素在室溫下為固態或液態。非金屬沒有金屬壹樣的光澤，也不反光，他們的化合價為±4, -3, 和 -2.
The Non-Metal elements are:
Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Selenium
非金屬元素包括H，C，N，O，P，S，Se
The halogens are five non-metallic elements found in group 17 of the periodic table. The term "halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are called "salts". All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of matter:
Solid- Iodine, Astatine Liquid- Bromine Gas- Fluorine, Chlorine
鹵素是ⅦA族中的5鐘非金屬元素，鹵素的意思來源於希臘語halos（鹽）和gennan（形成）兩個詞。在中文裏，鹵的原意是鹽堿地的意思。所有的鹵族元素的原子最外層都有7個電子。這使他們顯現-1價。在室溫下鹵族元素構成的物質可表現為任何狀態。
The Halogens are:
Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine
鹵族元素包括F，Cl，Br，I，At
The six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table. These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable.
6種稀有氣體是元素周期表0族的元素。在20世紀60年代以前，他們被認為是惰性氣體，因為他們0的化合價讓他們不與其他元素反應。所有稀有氣體的最外電子層都滿了。（He是2，其他是8個電子），使它們穩定。
Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
稀有氣體包括He，Ne，Ar，Kr，Xe，Rn
The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series. One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made. All of the rare earth metals are found in group 3 of the periodic table, and the 6th and 7th periods. The Rare Earth Elements are made up of two series of elements, the Lanthanide and Actinide Series.
三十個稀土金屬是穩定的La系和Ac系元素。La系中的壹個和Ac系中的大多數被人們叫做反鈾元素，或者是人造的。所有稀土元素都位於第三族，第六和第七族，被分為La系和Ac系（……）。
The Rare Earth Elements are:
Lanthanide Series
Actinide Series
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
稀土金屬包括La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Ac,Th,Pa,U,Np,Pu,Am,Cm,Bk,Cf,Es,Fm,Md,No,Lr
這壹篇還可以
英國化學家戴維，1778年出生於彭贊斯。因他父親過早去世。母親無法養活五個孩子，於是賣掉田產，開起女帽制作店來。但他們的日子還是越過越苦。 戴維從小就勇於探索，他的興趣很廣泛。他在學校最喜歡的是化學，常常自己做實驗。
17歲的時候，戴維到博萊斯先生的藥房當了學徒。既學醫學，也學化學，除讀書外，他還做些較難的化學實驗，為此，人們送他壹個“小化學家”的稱號。
壹天，壹個叫貝多斯的物理學家，登門拜訪了這位“小化學家”，並邀請他到條件很好的氣體研究所去工作。
戴維欣然受聘，來到貝多斯的研究所。該所想通過研究各種氣體對人體的作用，弄清哪些氣體對人有益，哪些氣體對人有害。
戴維接受的第壹項任務是配制氧化亞氮氣體。戴維不負重望，很炔就制出這種氣體。當時，有人說這種氣體對人有害，而有的人又說無害，各持己見，莫衷壹是。制得的大量氣體，只好裝在玻璃瓶中留著備用。
1799年4月的壹天，貝多斯來到戴維的實驗室，見已制出許多氧化亞氮，高興地說：“啊，不錯，您的工作令人十分滿意……”貝多斯誇獎戴維的話還未說完，他壹轉身，不小心手把壹個玻璃瓶子碰到地下打碎了。
戴維慌忙過來壹看，打碎的正是裝氧化亞氮的瓶子，忙問：“手不要緊吧？”
“沒事。真對不起，我把您的勞動成果浪費了。”貝多斯邊說邊揀碎玻璃。
“沒啥，我正要作試驗呢，想看看這種氣體對人究竟會有什麽影響，這樣壹來還省得我開瓶塞……”戴維的話還未說完，被貝多斯反常的表情弄得驚慌失措。
“哈哈哈……”壹向沈著、孤僻、嚴肅得幾乎整天板著面孔的貝多斯，今天突然大笑起來，“戴維，哈哈哈……我的手壹點兒都不疼，哈哈哈……”“哈哈哈……”剛才還處於驚慌的戴維也驟然大笑，“真的不疼？哈哈哈……”
兩位科學家的笑聲，驚動了隔壁實驗室的人。他們跑來壹看，都以為他倆得了神經病。等壹陣狂笑之後，兩人方逐漸清醒。貝多斯被玻璃劃破的手指感到疼痛，原來氧化亞氮不僅使他倆狂笑，而且使貝多斯麻醉不知手痛。
事隔不久，戴維患了牙病，便請來牙科醫生德恩梯斯·舍派特。醫生決定把他的壞牙拔掉。當時根本沒有什麽麻醉藥，醫生硬把牙齒給拉了下來，疼得戴維渾身冒汗。這時，他猛然想起前不久發生的事——貝多斯手劃破了，可聞了那氧化亞氮後卻壹點也沒感覺疼。於是，他趕忙拿過裝有氧化亞氮的瓶子連吸幾口，結果，他又哈哈大笑起來，同時也感覺不到牙痛了。
經過進壹步研究，戴維證實氧化亞氮不僅能使人狂笑，而且還有壹定的麻醉作用。戴維就為這種氣取了個形象的名字笑氣。
戴維將關於笑氣的研究成果寫進《化學和哲學研究》壹書，立即轟動了整個歐洲。外科醫生們紛紛用笑氣做麻醉藥，使本來滿是刺耳的喊叫聲的手術室，彌漫著壹片笑聲。病人的痛苦也輕多了。
戴維發現笑氣的時候，年僅21歲。從此，他成了聞名歐洲的青年科學家。
後來，戴維繼續從事科學研究，首先制取了金屬鉀、鈉、鈣、鎂、鋇和非金屬硼，還發明了礦工用的安全燈。為人類做出了很大的貢獻。
British chemist David, was born in 1778 in Penzance. As a result of his father's premature death. Not the mother of five children to feed, then sell the farm, started millinery shop to produce. But their day is over the more bitter. David from an early age have the courage to explore his interest in a wide range. His favorite is the school of chemical, often their own experiments.
17-year-old, Mr. David to the BLS as a pharmacy apprentice. Both the medical school, school chemistry, in addition to reading, he's also more difficult to do chemical experiments, for which he was sent to a "chemist".
One day, a man named Tony Meadows physicist, had to visit the "chemist" and invited him to the very good conditions for the gas to the work of the Institute.
However, Dai Weixin employed, Tony came to the meadows of the Institute. The study through a variety of gases on the human body, out of gas which were beneficial and which harmful gases.
David to accept the first task is the preparation of nitrous oxide gas. David does not live up, it is such a system on acetylene gas. At that time, it is said that this harmful gas, and some people said that sound, to hold different views, rather than consensus. Obtained a large number of gas, had no choice but to keep in glass bottles mounted on a stand-by.
In April 1799 of the day, Tony came to David Doss of the laboratory, see the system has a lot of nitrous oxide, said happily: "ah, yes, your work is very pleased with the ... ..." Tony praised David Doss The words have not yet finished, he turned a careless hand on the ground floor of a glass bottle smashed across sub.
David hurriedly looked around, broke the bottle of nitrous oxide is loaded, Mangwen: "It does not matter in hand?"
"Never. I'm sorry, I am your labor lost." Meadows said, picking shellfish broken glass.
"Nothing, I am going to trial, would like to see this person on the gas What does it mean, this way also to save me ... ... cork" David's words have not yet finished, Tony Adams and more abnormal Look up panic.
"Ha, ha, ha ... ..." always been cool, eccentric, a serious Banzhuomiankong almost the whole day of the Tony Meadows, all of a sudden today, laughing, "David, Ha, ha, ha ... ... My hands are a little pain, ... Ha, ha, ha ... "" Ha, ha, ha ... ... "in a panic just yet David is also a sudden laugh," really hurt? ... Ha, ha, ha ... "
The two scientists laughter, alerted the laboratory next door. They came to see one, they all thought had neuropathy. Kuang Xiao, and so on for a while, the two sides gradually clear. Tony Adams has been more than cut through the glass finger pain that Kuang Xiao nitrous oxide not only they but also the multi-Tony Adams hand I do not know of narcotic pain.
Soon after, David is suffering from dental problems, we have invited dentists Dehn Ossetia Pat Adams homes. Doctors decided his bad tooth pulled out. At that time, there was not any anesthetic, the doctor forcibly teeth to pull down, David painful sweating all over. At this time, he suddenly reminded of what happened long ago - more than Tony Adams cut through the hand, can be heard and that the nitrous oxide after it did not feel a little pain. As a result, he quickly took the bottle of nitrous oxide with even a few smoke as a result, he laughed, at the same time feel a toothache.
After further study, confirmed that David nitrous oxide Kuangxiao not only make the people, but also a certain narcotic effect. David was on the air that took the name of the image of a laughing gas.
David will be laughing gas on the results of research into the "chemical and philosophical studies", the immediate sensation throughout Europe. Surgeons who have used nitrous oxide anesthesia to do so have been full of ear-piercing cries of the operating room, filled with a laugh. Patients are suffering more than the light.
David found that nitrous oxide, as young as 21 years old. Since then, he has become famous for Europe's young scientists.
Later, David continued to engage in scientific research, first of all, making the metal potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, boron and non-metallic barium, also invented the miner's safety lamp used. Mankind has made a great contribution.