求關於發動機的英文文獻及其翻譯 用於畢業論文。急~~
vehicle suspension on the vehicle suspension system is a very important system.
Not only does it affect the comfort of the car (ride), but also to other
properties such as the adoption, as well as the stability of the attachment
have a significant impact on performance, each of the suspension by the elastic
components (buffers), body-oriented (from Chuan And stabilizing role), as well
as shock absorbers (from the role of shock absorption). However, not all of the
suspension must have three components. As long as we can play to the role of
the three.
Vehiclemaintenance for the conservation network 1, flying the classification
1.
Non-independent suspension: on both sides of the wheel mounted on a
total-vehicle-bridge, the train-bridge to fly through the frame and connected.
This suspension structure is simple and reliable power-but by two rounds of
shock and vibration affecting each other. But also because of the quality of
flying non-serious suspension of the poor performance of the buffer, the vibration
of a moving car, the greater the impact. The suspension generally used for
trucks, buses and a number of other ordinary vehicles. (2) independent
suspension: each individual through a set of wheels mounted on the body or
suspension of vehicular bridge, the use of off-Axle, in the middle of a fixed
frame or body; such wheel on both sides of the suspension by the shock
Hubuyingxiang, but due to non-flying than by the quality; buffer with a strong
shock absorption capacity, ride comfort. The indicators are better than
non-independent suspension, but the complex structure of the suspension, but it
also drive axle, steering system has become complicated. The use of such
suspension of the following two categories of vehicles. Cars, buses and
passenger vehicles. Can be improved ride comfort, and high speed when driving
the car to improve stability.
Off-road vehicles, military vehicles and
mining vehicles. In a bad way and have no say under the circumstances, we can
make sure all the wheels on the ground and contacts to enhance stability and
driving the car attached, to play a speed of the car.
2.Flexible
yuan for the type of (1) of the leaf spring: the long-range multi-chip and
curvature ranging from the composite plate. After installed at both ends of the
natural upward curve. In addition to the leaf spring with a buffer, there is a
certain degree of shock absorption, vertical layout also has a force-oriented,
non-independent suspension using most of the leaf spring so flexible
components, save-oriented devices and shock absorbers, simple structure . (2)
of the coil spring: only a cushion for the multi-car independent suspension. In
the absence of damping force and mass functions must also be equipped with
special shock absorbers and device-oriented. (3) oil and gas spring: a flexible
medium as a gas, liquid as a medium-power, which not only has a good buffer
capacity, also has a role in shock absorption and at the same time frame of a
high degree of regulation may also be applicable to the use of heavy vehicles and
buses. (4), torsion bar springs; will be made under the torsion bar springs
fixed at one end of the frame, on the other side through the arm and connected
to the wheels, and beat at wheel torsion bar the use of reverse deformation
played the role of buffer, is suitable for independent The use of suspension.
3.
the use of shock absorber tube shock absorbers, the use of oil in the small
role to cut energy consumption vibration. Shock absorber and the upper body
frame or connected with the lower end of the train-bridge connected. Most of
the trip can be done and the compression of the dual role of the role of shock
absorber.
4.device-oriented:
the flexibility in the independent suspension components, most of them can only
transfer the vertical loads and can not transmit vertical and horizontal, must
be a separate device-oriented. As noted, under the arm and vertical, horizontal
stabilizer, and so on.
5.
non-independent suspension: before and after the truckswere non-independent
suspension bridge, some vehicles such as buses and cars and so on, after the
bridge is also a non-independent suspension. Each car of the sedan chair by
hoisting two independent non-vertical arrangement of the composition of the
leaf spring. Leaf spring fixed in the middle of the train-bridge, with the
front end hinged frame or body, the back-end with the frame or body through the
ear hanging hinged or connected to use of skateboards. Top of the frame with a
shock absorber then, with the lower end of the next school Axle. The truck rear
axle and more without shock absorbers.
6.
many types of independent suspension, coil spring as the use of flexible
components. Torsion bar springs for the independent suspension is also divided
into vertical and horizontal torsion torque Cup two-under. Although many of the
advantages of an independent suspension, but the car would turn the system, the
Department of driving and driving more complicated structure of the bridge.
Keywords:
structure of the engine engine performance merits of a direct impact on the
performance of motor vehicles.
First, the use of fuel by the different
categories according to engine fuel, gasoline engine and the engine is divided
into two major categories of diesel engines.
1
.network Motor conservation maintenance, gasoline engine small size, light
weight, low prices; good start, when the maximum power of high-speed;work in a
small vibration and noise; suitable for small and medium-sized car in
particular, the use of high-speed car.Gasoline deflagration due to the restrictions
can not be too high compression ratio, thermal efficiency and economy are not,
such as diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of the main gas pipeline in the form over
into the cylinder, compressed by the end of close to the spark plugs fire. The
driver to speed up the adoption of the control pedal into the cylinder of the
gas mixture to control the load on the engine, known as the volume of
regulation. Gasoline engine’s fuel supply system and ignition system is a gasoline engine
failure on the part of a higher proportion. Gasoline engine emissions of
harmful material composition of carbon monoxide, carbon compounds and nitrogen
oxides than diesel, and so on, but with the current electronically controlled
fuel injection system and other exhaust gas purification devices, which have
greatly improved. In addition, the gasoline engine’s
torque characteristics are very suitable for automotive use, can significantly
reduce the labor intensity of the driver.
2.
diesel and gasoline engine, diesel engine size, weight, high prices, poor start
(especially when the low temperature); work more vibration and noise; easy to
overload when the black smoke. Diesel is characterized by:
1)
the absence of the deflagration, as well as restrictions on the needs of the
spontaneous combustion of diesel, diesel engine compression ratio high. Thermal
efficiency and economy must be better than the gasoline engine.
2)
the same power, the diesel engine’s torque, maximum power at the time of low speed, suitable for the
use of the truck.
3)
is a mixture of diesel engine cylinder internal form, no inlet throttle, the
intake of small resistance. The driver to speed up the adoption of fuel
injection control board, to change the engine load, known as the regulation of
quality, as there is no problem of hypoxia, emissions of hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide content of less than gasoline.
4)
In the absence of the ignition system, as well as fuel supply device failure
rate low. Therefore, failure to less than diesel gasoline engine.
5)
diesel engine torque characteristics are not suitable for car driving cycle
needs, moving the stalls to use frequently, an increase of pilot labor
intensity. The main diesel engine for use in medium and heavy vehicles.
Second, the number of engine cylinder and
arrangement of the engine cylinder displacement equal to the volume of work
and.
Increase
in the number of cylinder engine will not only increase capacity, improve the
engine output power, but also to enable the smooth operation of the engine to
reduce noise and vibration. Hyundai Motor have adopted multi-cylinder engine.
Mini-car for more than 3-cylinder engine, small trucks, passenger cars and
medium-sized following for more than 4-cylinder engine; medium-sized trucks,
large cars and buses for more than 6-cylinder engine; Heavy-Duty Truck General
of 6-8 cylinder. 6-cylinder engine under a single row multi-cylinder in-line
mode; 8-cylinder V-type engines for alignment; some of the cars in order to
reduce engine height, length shortened, using V6, V8-type arrangement. Mini-car
use of 3-cylinder engine, most oblique way. In-line engine structure is simple
and cheap. The disadvantage is that a high degree of the engine higher longer
length.Is more a way. V-type engines with low height, short length, but the
structure of the complex, more expensive price, suitable for large-scale
engine. Water-cooled engine block using the whole cast. Small engines used
aluminum alloy materials, large-scale multi-engine for the cast iron. Cylinder
head bolts used in a fixed block on the plane, in addition to constitute a
closed cylinder combustion room, into the exhaust, valves are installed, and
spark plug valve, and so on.
Third,
the gasoline engine’s
fuel supply 1, the fuel-supply system carburetor gasoline engine fuel supply
line into carburetor and fuel-injection two major categories of carburetor main
oil installations operating principle is:
the work of the engine when the outside air In
the cylinder under the suction air filter to filter through into the cylinder.
When the air flow through the pipe section due to the smaller increase in the
velocity and pressure led to the decline in a certain vacuum. Float on the
interior of gasoline in the vacuum from the role of the main inlet into the
spray nozzle, the gas emitted by high-speed air currents disperse into mist,
known as fogging. And then to oil and oil-film evaporation space in the form of
evaporation, and the airway had mixed into the air mixture into the cylinder.
In order to achieve the economy, the main oil loading also uses the air brake.
The main nozzle at the indoor air, and along with a few scheduled to open
around the through-hole and air the same room. When the throttle opening
gradually increases, the air hole gradually connected with the air. Not only
reduces the vacuum so that the mixture-thinning, the main air nozzle is also
beneficial to the atomization of gasoline. 2. electronically controlled fuel
injection fuel-supply system carburetor fuel-supply device structure is simple,
reliable, cheap, easy maintenance. But the biggest drawback is that it can not
be precisely controlled mixture of concentration, resulting in incomplete
combustion, emissions of harmful ingredients, do not meet the stringent
requirements of environmental protection today. In addition, due to the
existence of the pipe so that the air resistance increases. There is also the
cylinder uneven distribution of gasoline and easy to produce and Qizu ice and
so on. In order to solve these problems, 80 electronically controlled fuel
injection system in the car engine on a wide range of applications more and
more.
electronically
controlled fuel injection system advantages: electronically controlled fuel
injection system (referred to as English EFI) has the following advantages:
1.
no matter under what conditions and in what conditions the engine can
accurately control the mixture of concentration, To make gasoline burn
completely full. This greatly reduces the emission of harmful components of
content, also has an excellent combustion engine of the economy.
2.
can supply, ignition temperature, such as centralized control, so that the work
of the engine performance, increased engine power output, lower fuel
consumption.
3.
the engine can always operate in a stable condition in a variety of conditions
so that all car drivers in accordance with the requirements of normal traffic.
4. In the absence of pipes, a small air
resistance. At the same time, difficult to produce Qizu, to the distribution of
gas cylinder uniform, and so on. The shortcomings of the fuel injection system
is the high cost structure of the complex and difficult to repair, and so on.
electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system of classification:
1) by way of testing the air quality into theway traffic density and speed of the way the two categories.
2) by way of fuel injection, the following two
categories. According to the location of the jet, into intake manifold junction
(SPI) and the jet intake manifold Department (MPI) are two jet, respectively,
also known as single-point and multi-point injection jet.
MPI is
currently widely used in the way.MPI is currently widely used in the
way. Department of gasoline ignition gasoline engine ignition system are
generally three categories: contact-type ignition system, electronic ignition
system, computer-controlled ignition system.
車輛懸架系統中的機動車輛懸架系統是壹種非常重要的系統。它不僅對乘坐汽車的舒適度有影響，而且對附件的穩定性等其他性能有著顯著的影響。每個懸掛的彈性元件(彈簧),是車架(起穩定作用)， 以及減振器的角色(減震)組成然而,並非所有的懸架必須有三個組成部分。只要我們能發揮三個作用。汽車的維護，懸架分類：
壹 非獨立懸架：兩側車輪安裝在壹根整體式車橋上，車輪連同車橋壹起通過框架與車身相連。但這種懸架結構簡單，可靠，制造方便，而是由兩個輪沖擊和振動輪互相影響。在載重汽車上被廣泛應用。 但減震器的表現不佳，汽車行進中的震動越大，影響越嚴重，所以這種懸掛通常被用在卡車、客車和其他的普通車輛。
獨立懸架:每個元件通過兩側車輪安裝或懸掛在車架上，並且采用斷開式車橋。安裝了這種減震系統的車輪不易失重飛起，具有強大減震能力的緩沖器更是提供了舒適的乘駕感受。若壹側車輪相對於車架(或車身)的位置發生變化時，另壹側車輪不受影響。這種懸架結構復雜，且車身的平穩性和高速行駛的穩定性較好，因此在轎車和小客車上得到普遍采用。以上指標均優於非獨立懸架，但是懸架的結構越復雜，驅動橋和轉向系統也就越復雜。使用這種懸架的交通工有以下兩種：
1汽車和客車等客運車輛：可以提高乘駕舒適度，並且當高速駕駛時能提高穩定性。
mining vehicles.越野車，軍用車和采礦車。在路況不佳時，可以確保所有的車輪接觸地面並提高穩定性，避免汽車起伏，發揮出汽車的速度。
二.彈性元件類型：1 鋼板彈簧：它是由若幹片長方形的鋼板組合成的復合板，呈彎曲形。安裝在自然向上的曲線兩端。此外,鋼板彈簧通過減震器起到某種程度的減震、傳遞垂直載荷的作用。在非獨立懸架和導向機構中，也使用鋼板彈簧這種彈性元件和減震器這樣簡單的結構。
2螺旋彈簧；只為多汽車獨立懸架緩沖，在缺少阻尼力和質量職能的情況下，還必須具備特殊的減震器和導向裝置。
3油氣彈簧: 使用油液和高壓氣體作為彈性材料，不僅有很好的減震能力，可以吸收沖擊。在同樣情況下能夠提供更好的調節作用，適用於重型車輛和客車。
4扭桿彈簧：汽車車架與車輪用扭桿彈簧，其壹端固定在車架上而另壹端與車輪連接，車輪上下跳動時扭桿產生扭轉變形，靠扭轉彈力來吸收振動能量適合獨立懸架系統。
三.減震器減震筒的使用，油的使用可以切斷震動造成的能裏損耗。減震器上端與車底架相連，下端與車橋相連。減震器在大部分的行程可以起到壓縮的雙重作用
四.導向機構：獨立懸架的彈性元件，大多數只能傳遞垂直載荷，並不能傳遞水平載荷，必須是分離的導向機構。如上所述，在力臂和垂直和水平穩定器等。
五.非獨立懸架：非獨立懸架位於卡車的前部和後部，像客車，汽車等壹些車輛的後橋也是非獨立懸架。每個轎車均由兩個獨立的非垂直的鋼板彈簧構成。鋼板彈簧固定在車橋中間,其前後端車架或車身通過耳朵懸鉸鏈或使用滑板連接的。上面的框架用減振器的下端連接軸。車後橋壹般無減震器。
六 .螺旋彈簧作為彈性元件被用在多種類型的獨立懸架。 扭桿彈簧
torque Cup two-under.為獨立懸架分成縱向和橫向扭力矩杯兩桿。 雖然獨立懸架具有許多優點，但汽車將會通過更復雜的橋結構改進系統，驅動和駕駛。
關鍵詞：發動機的結構發動機的性能對機動車輛的性能有著直接的影響。
首先，燃料使用不同類別根據發動機的燃料，分為汽油發動機和柴油發動機。
1網絡汽車養護維修，汽油發動機體積小，重量輕，價格低；當最大速度運行是，啟動好；運行時震動小，噪音小，適合小型和中型汽車，尤其是高速車。由於爆燃的限制，汽油機不可以有過高的壓縮比，熱效率，而且不如柴油經濟。汽油是壹種進入氣缸中的主要氣體管道的混合物，在壓縮到接近底部的火花塞時點火。駕駛者加速踩油門時混合氣體進入氣缸來控制發動機的負載，這是常規。汽油發動機的燃料供給系統和點火系統是發生汽油發動機故障的比例較高的壹部分。雖然汽油發動機比柴油排放更多的壹氧化碳，碳化合物和氮氧化物等有害物質成分，但是,現在的電控燃油噴射系統和其他廢氣凈化裝置卻有了很大的改善。但與目前的電控燃油噴射系統和其他尾氣凈化裝置，極大地改善。此外，汽油發動機的扭矩特性非常適用於汽車，可以大大降低司機的勞動強度。
2柴油發動機和汽油發動機，柴油發動機的大小，重量，價格高，啟動差（尤其是低溫時），運行時震動和噪音大; 有黑煙，容易超負荷。柴油發動機機的特點是：
1）沒有爆燃的限制，但柴油需要自燃，所以柴油發動機壓縮比很高。 .熱效率和經濟性比汽油發動機更好。
2）柴油發動機適用於卡車，因為同樣的功率，扭矩大，最大功率也大。
3）柴油發動機汽缸內的內部是的混合物，沒有進油門，小阻力的進氣管。 司機.司機加快采用燃油噴射控制板，通過改變發動機負荷，作為規管的質量，因為不存在缺氧問題，碳氫化合物和壹氧化碳的排放量低於汽油。
4）由於沒有點火系統，燃料供應設備故障率低。 因此，不低於汽油發動機。
5）柴油發動機扭矩特性並不適用於汽車駕駛循環的需求，移動的攤位，經常使用，是適合飛行員勞動強度的增加。主要適用於中型和重型車輛。
第二，發動機缸體及發動機缸體位移量相等的工作。
因此，增加汽缸發動機的數量，不僅能增加容量，提高發動機輸出功率，而且能夠使發動機順利運作，以減少噪音和振動。現代汽車公司已采用多缸發動機。微型車超過3缸發動機，小卡車，客車和中型以下超過4缸發動機;中型卡車，大型轎車和客車超過6缸發動機;重型卡車壹般6-8缸。6缸下單列多缸模式下，8缸V型直列發動機，有些的汽車，為減少發動機的高度，將長度縮短，安裝使用V6發動機，V8發動機類型。微型汽車使用3缸發動機，大多是傾斜的。 .在直列發動機結構簡單，便宜。 .缺點是，發動機的高度更高，長度更長。更是壹個方式。
.V型發動機高度低，長度短，但其結構復雜，價格更昂貴，適用於大型發動機。
.水冷式發動機缸體采用整體鑄造。小型發動機采用鋁合金材料，而大型發動機多采用鑄鐵材料。
and so on.氣缸蓋螺栓是用在飛機上的固定塊，除了構成壹個封閉的汽缸燃燒室，進入排氣管，閥門和火花塞等。
第三，汽油發動機的燃料供應1，燃料供應系統汽化器
汽油發動機燃料進入汽化器和燃油噴射器兩種主要設備工作原理：
發動機工作時，外界空氣被吸入空氣過濾器，通過過濾器進入氣缸。當空氣流過管道部分由於較小的增長速度及壓力的減少導致了真空。